Symptoms
The pain of a muscle cramp is intense, localized, and often
debilitating Coming on quickly, it may last for minutes and fade
gradually. Contractures develop more slowly, over days or weeks, and
may be permanent if untreated. Fasciculations may occur at rest or
after muscle contraction, and may last several minutes.
Diagnosis
Abnormal contractions are diagnosed through a careful medical history,
physical and neurological examination, and electromyography of the
affected muscles. Electromyography records electrical activity in the
muscle during rest and movement.
Treatment
Most cases of simple cramps require no treatment other than patience
and stretching. Gently and gradually stretching and massaging the
affected muscle may ease the pain and hasten recovery.
More prolonged or regular cramps may be treated with drugs. Fluid and
salt replacement, either orally or intravenously, is used to treat
dehydration. Treatment of metabolic or neurologic disease, where
possible, may help relieve symptoms.
Alternative
treatmentCramps
may be treated or prevented with Gingko (Ginkgo biloba) or Japanese
quince (Chaenomeles speciosa). Supplements of vitamin E, niacin,
calcium, and magnesium may also help. Taken at bedtime, they may help
to reduce the likelihood of night cramps.
PrognosisOccasional
cramps are common, and have no special medical significance.
PreventionEating
a healthy diet with appropriate levels of minerals, and getting regular
exercise to build up energy reserves in muscle may reduce the
likelihood of developing cramps. Avoiding exercising in extreme heat
helps prevent heat cramps. Heat cramps can also be avoided by taking
water and salt before prolonged exercise in extreme heat. Taking a warm
bath before bedtime may increase circulation to the legs and reduce the
incidence of nighttime leg cramps.
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2, 2009 
