INJURIES
IN SPORTSDECREASING
THE TRAUMA RISK BY
INTRODUCING TRAUMA PREVENTION STRATEGIES
WITHIN THE SPORT TRAINING PROCESS
Elena-Taina
Avramescu1,
Ilona Ilinca1, Cristian Neamtu2
1University
of Craiova, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports,
Craiova,
2University
of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Romania
INTRODUCTION. Different
epidemiological researches showed that athlets involved in different
sport activities are exposed to different types of injuries, based on
unique/specific factors, directly related to each sport and athlete.
Sports traumatology is different from general traumatology due to the
existence of cases in which the
extrinsic traumatic agent is
missing ( hyperfunctional pathology group). This
pathology is located on locomotory level
and represents different forms of local
overuse.
The present paper aimes first to individualise the factors that can
generate microtrauma and hyperfunctional pathologies in sportives and
secondly on decreasing the trauma risk by introducing
trauma
prevention strategies within the sport training
process. We considered that the key for decreasing the trauma
incidence in high top athletes consists in reducing the trauma risk by
elaboration of adequate and efficient prevention strategies and
of optimal rehabilitation programmes.
MATERIALS AND
METHOD. The subjects were selected from registred top level sportives
in the Sport Policlinic Craiova, that presented different
microtrauma. The interested sports were: basketball, volleyball,
tennis, long distance running. We studied a number
of 68 subjects (medium age 26,5 years; 35 man and
33 women) from which we selected 23 (; 12 man and
11 women) with microtraumatic lesions and hyperfunctional
pathologies, developed after previous trauma. For all the
subjects we analysed the trauma
incidence for a period of 2 years. For identified pathologies
we initiated and followed prophylactical kinetic programmes
adressed to main interested joints: the shoulder and knee. We
conceived a model of kinetic exercises, by which we
tryed to improve the muscular training for the lower and
upper limbs, and in the same time, by keeping the homogenity
of the players group, without injuries, to optimise the technical and
tactical competitional output. The proposed model applied for
a period of one year macrocycle, choosing, grouping
and dosing of means and methods was realised in
direct conexion with the periodicity of trainings and the
mean followed objectives. Goniometric, dynamometric, kinetic and
cinematic tests were carried before and aftet application of
the kinetic programmes in order to re-evaluate the initial
recorded parameter
RESULTS. Most of the microtrauma registred
were from the overuse and chronic group, developed after previous
traumatisms. We found acute ligamentitis; acute tendinitis,
mostly localised at knee ligaments, tendon of brachial biceps, rotator
cuff (volleyball), achilian tendon; chronic and dismetabolic
pathologies (11.3%), most frequentely periartritis scapulo-humeralis,
spondilosis, effort lombalgies. Application of the preventional
programme adressed to the shoulder pathology leaded to an improvement
of scapular and palm force index, final testing showing a
progress of 11% and respectively og 16% comparing
to initial testing and to an improvement of the amplitude of joint
movement of 17% for internal rotation in the dominant limb
(scapulohumeral joint). Applications of the preventional programme
adressed to patelar tendinitis, leaded to increases of medium forces of
the main muscles involved in jumping during the strike
attack, with a percentage betwen 11% and 25%, in the same
time with decreases of the compresion forces into the knee joint.
CONCLUSION.
Most of registred microtrauma were from the overuse and chronic group,
developed after previous trauma. We appreciate that these
pathologie were developed as a result of a local lack of
recovery/rehabilitation and/or external conditions.
The added factors were represented by low vascularisation of these
structures and low elasticity compared with other structures in the
kinetic
chain. Changes in biomecanics of movement
or stopping the effort can lead to improvement of symptoms. Improvement
of joint mobility and increases in muscular forces demonstrate the
practical eficiency of the prophylactical proposed programme by
equilibration of the muscular and joint imbalance.
KEY
WORDS: prophylaxix, trauma risk, overuse, shoulder joint;
knee joint.
|
